海底含金属沉积物矿物学和地球化学及其对热液活动的指示

来源期刊:中南大学学报(自然科学版)2011年第z2期

论文作者:杨耀民 叶俊 石学法 卜文瑞

文章页码:65 - 74

关键词:深海含金属沉积物;热液成矿作用;大洋中脊;地球化学异常场

Key words:metalliferous sediments; hydrothermal ore-forming; mid-ocean ridge; geochemical anomaly field

摘    要:海底含金属沉积物为海底热液活动区出现的一种未固结的深海沉积物,形成于热液羽状流在上浮和扩散过程中的沉积作用,或形成于海底多金属硫化物堆积体后期蚀变和搬运过程中的沉积作用。海底含金属沉积物富集Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb,Zn和As等元素,而亏损Al和Ti等元素,其分布区是深海热液活动形成的地球化学分散晕,可作为研究海底热液活动和寻找海底硫化物堆积体(矿床)一个有效的信息载体。在限定海底含金属沉积物基本概念的基础上,分析和总结其分布特征、类型、矿物组成和元素组合,综合论述沉积物中特征矿物―绿脱石的稀土元素组成、δ18O地质温度计以及Sr同位素组成对热液流体的物理化学性质和活动过程的示踪。提出海底含金属沉积物的系统研究,是重建海底热液活动的演化历史,圈定已停息的热液活动区,限定古热液活动规模及成矿作用强度等方面研究的一种极为有效的方法。

Abstract: Submarine metalliferous sediments are unconsolidated deep-sea deposits in proximal and distal hydrothermal active area, which are related to the accumulation and sedimentation of hydrothermal matters from hydrothermal plumes or from the destruction and redeposition of material from massive mineral deposits on the seafloor. Metalliferous sediments are enriched in Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and depleted in Al and Ti, and their distribution zones are dispersion holes of underwater hydrothermal mineral forming systems. Submarine metalliferous sediments carry information on these systems and they can be particularly useful in determining past hydrothermal activity in the oceans and the associated formation of mineral deposits in the geological past and in prospecting for hydrothermal minerals deposits. On the basis of the fundamental concept of metalliferous sediments, this work mainly reviews the distribution, lithologic composition, mineralogy, assemblage of elements in submarine metalliferous sediments. Nontronite, as a mainly hydrothermal clay mineral in metalliferous sediments, has the potential to provide insights into the hydrothermal fluids and fluid- sediment interaction and also has been used to identify the physical and chemical features of hydrothermal discharge based on its REE pattern, oxygen isotope thermometry and Sr isotope characteristics. Furthermore, the properties of the metalliferous sediments enable their use in reconstructing the intensity of hydrothermal activity and mineral formation in past geological time, and specially can be used effectively in locating, exploring and evaluating the vast mineral resources that are covered and available to the world.

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