J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. (2009) 16: 0405-0409

DOI: 10.1007/s11771-009-0068-5

Adsorption and desorption properties of D318 resin for Cr(Ⅵ)

SHU Zeng-nian (舒增年)¹, XIONG Chun-hua (熊春华)²

(1. Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China;

2. College of Food Science, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University,

Hangzhou 310035, China)

Key words:

Cr(Ⅵ); D318 resin; adsorption; desorption; dynamics; thermodynamics；

1 Introduction

Cr(Ⅵ) is of severe toxicity, and can be gathered in water, living creatures and farm crops. It can also be absorbed by the human body through the food chain and accumulated inside the body. Cr(Ⅵ) mainly comes from industrial production such as electroplating, tanning, mining and dyestuff. The continuous aggravating pollution of Cr(Ⅵ) will do harm to both environment and mankind health. So Cr(Ⅵ)-contained wastewater is nowadays recognized as one of the most serious harmful effects and has been listed as focal point of controlling by the National Environmental Protection Bureau of China, and how to effectively treat Cr(Ⅵ)-contained wastewater is always a burning question to industrial production. Currently, there are mainly two major types of methods to treat the Cr(Ⅵ)-contained wastewater. One is reduction method, which creates great quantity of dirty mire in the process and easily causes secondary pollution. The other is direct processing of Cr(Ⅵ), and the ion exchange method is one of this type of methods. In recent years, the research on dealing with wastewater containing Cr(Ⅵ) by resin has been very active [1-3], but there are some deficiencies in low adsorption capacity and elusion ratio, and there has not been report that D318 resin adsorbs Cr(Ⅵ). In this work, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of D318 resin adsorbing Cr(Ⅵ) were studied, and the basic adsorption parameters were determined.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials and instruments

Perkin-Elmer 683 FT-IR analyzer, Sartorius PB-20 pH meter, elemental analyzer EA1110, THZ-82A temperature constant shaking machine and 722 spectrophotometer were used.

D318 resin was provided by Xi’an Electric Power Resin Factory, China. Standard solution of Cr(Ⅵ) was prepared from potassium dichromate(A.R.), and 0.1% diphenyl carbohydrazide solution was used as a developer.

2.2 Adsorption and analytical method of resin

A desired amount of D318 resin was weighed and added into an iodine flask, and then a desired volume of HAc-NaAc buffer solution was added. After 12 h, a required amount of standard solution of Cr(Ⅵ) was added, and the then flask was shaken in a shaker at constant temperature until the concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) maintained invariable. The amount of Cr(Ⅵ) was measured by the specteophotometric determination of diphenyl carbohydrazide. According to concentration change of Cr(Ⅵ) solution adsorbed, the adsorption amount Q, the adsorption distribution coefficient D and adsorption rate E were calculated respectively as follows:

Q=(ρ₀-ρ_e)V/m                                (1)

D=Q/ρ_e                                     (2)

                        (3)

where  Q  is the adsorption amount of resin to Cr(Ⅵ) in the equilibrium state, mg/g; ρ₀ is the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution, mg/mL; ρ_e is the equilibrium concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution, mg/mL; m is the resin mass, g; and V is total volume of solution, mL.

3 Results and discussion 

3.1 Effect of pH on adsorption rate

Seven parts of 30.0 mg resins were weighed accurately and put into iodine flasks respectively. Under the experimental conditions of T=298 K and ρ₀=    0.29 mg/mL, HAc-NaAc buffer solutions of pH=2.5-6.5 were added respectively, and shaken to equilibrium intermittently. The effect of pH on adsorption rate is shown in Fig.1. The adsorption rate is the highest at pH=3.16. So all the following experiments were performed at pH=3.16 in HAc-NaAc buffer solutions. Cr(Ⅵ) exists in the form of CrO₄^2- , HCrO₄^- and Cr₂O₇^2- in aqueous solution, and in the form of CrO₄^2- in basic solution. With the decrease of pH value, CrO₄^2- in solution is transformed into Cr₂O₇^2- constantly. Cr(Ⅵ) is transformed into Cr₂O₇^2- dominantly when pH=3-6 in the acidic solution. On the other hand, the amino group of resin absorbs H⁺ when pH is decreased because it carries comparatively strong positive charge that is helpful to absorb Cr₂O₇^2-. The Cr(Ⅵ) in the solution is mainly in the form of HCrO₄^- at pH＜3, which consequently decreases the absorption quantity.

Fig.1 Effect of pH on adsorption rate of Cr(Ⅵ)

3.2 Effect of SO₄^2- and Cl^- on resin adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ)

Several parts of 50.0 mg resins were weighed accurately, according to the experimental conditions of T=298 K, ρ₀=0.20 mg/mL. NaCl and Na₂SO₄ solutions with varied concentrations were added, and static sorption equilibrium experiment was carried out. According to Formula (3), different adsorption rates of resin to Cr(Ⅵ) can be obtained (Fig.2). The results show that due to the competitive adsorption of coexistence ions to Cr(Ⅵ), the presence of Cl^- and SO₄^2- can block the adsorption of resin to Cr(Ⅵ). With the increase of Cl^- and SO₄^2- concentrations, the adsorption rate of resin to Cr(Ⅵ) decreases, and SO₄^2- affects adsorption of resin to Cr(Ⅵ) more greatly than Cl^-.

Fig.2 Effect of SO₄^2- and Cl^- on resin adsorption ratio of Cr(Ⅵ)

3.3 Adsorption dynamics

3.3.1 Control of adsorption rate process and determination of adsorption rate constant

40.0 mg resin was weighed accurately. According to the experimental conditions of T=298 K and ρ₀=    0.24 mg/mL, a part of the upper layer clear solution was taken out at intervals for the determination of remaining concentrations until it reached equilibrium. According to Formula (1), the adsorption capacity of resin can be figured out. After the remains were kept constant and the volume was corrected, a series of data were obtained (Fig.3). When the adsorption amount is half of that at

Fig.3 Adsorption kinetic curve of Cr(Ⅵ)

equilibrium, the required time t_1/2 is about 2.0 h. The required time of the adsorption equilibrium is 12 h. BOYD et al [4], who studied ion exchange adsorption process in sorbent, deemed that exchange adsorption rate was controlled by a slow process of liquid film diffusion, particle diffusion and chemical reaction.

Particle diffusion equation:

               (4)

Liquid film diffusion equation:

                         (5)

Chemical reaction equation:

                         (6)

where  F=Q_t/Q_∞, Q_t and Q_∞ are the resin adsorption amounts of every gram resin at adsorption time t and at equilibrium, respectively; R=3D_l/r_o?r_ok, D_l is the film diffusion constant, r_o, the particle radius, ?r_o, the film thickness, and k, the distribution constant; B=π²D_i/r_o², and D_i is the internal diffusion coefficient; S is the mass action constant.

The distinction between Formulae (5) and (6) is only constant term R and S. If the curve of -lg (1-F) vs t shows a linear relationship, a judgment must be worked out by the results of assistant experiments. For example, the ball radius of sorbent affects the liquid film diffusion, while the reagent concentration and adsorption temperature affect chemical reaction.

If the graph of Bt vs t shows a linear relationship, the exchange rate will be controlled by particle diffusion. If the graph of -lg (1-F) vs t is linear, the exchange rate will be controlled by liquid film diffusion or the chemical reaction. Fig.4 shows that the plot of Bt vs t is linear, which indicates that particle diffusion of the absorption of D318 resin to Cr(Ⅵ) is the control phrase of the absorption rate in the initial stage process. The relationship between -lg(1-F) and t is linear (Fig.5),

Fig.4 Plot of Bt vs time

Fig.5 Determination of adsorption rate constant

which shows that liquid film diffusion or chemical reaction has an substantial effect on the absorption rate of D318 resin to Cr(Ⅵ) [4-5]. According to Fig.5, the apparent adsorption rate constant k₂₉₈ is 9.472×10^-5 s^-1, and the correlation coefficient r is 0.998 6 at 298 K.

3.3.2 Determination of adsorption activation energy

The experiments were carried out by using the above-mentioned method (Section 3.3.1), and adsorption conditions of resin to Cr(Ⅵ) were determined at different temperatures. A straight line was obtained by plotting -ln(1-F) vs t (Fig.5). According to the slope of the straight line, the adsorption rate constants were also determined at different temperatures (298-313 K), which are k₃₀₃=1.126×10^-4s^-1, k₃₀₈=1.298×10^-4s^-1, and k₃₁₃= 1.463×10^-4s^-1, respectively. According to the formula of Arrhenius ln k=-E_a/(RT)+ln A, a straight line was made by plotting lg k vs 1/T (Fig.6). The slope of straight line in Fig.6 is k′=-1.167. The apparent activation energy (E_a) of the adsorption reaction is E_a=22.4 kJ/mol. It can be known from the adsorption rate constant that the adsorption speed can be increased when the temperature is raised within the scope of experimental temperature [6-9].

Fig.6 Relationship between lg k and 1/T

3.3.3 Isotherm adsorption curve

25.0, 30.0, 35.0 and 40.0 mg of resins were weighed respectively and adsorption experiments were carried out at T =298 K and ρ₀=0.20 mg/mL. When the adsorption equilibrium reached, the equilibrium concentration ρ_e was determined and the corresponding adsorption capacity of resin Q_e was calculated according to Formula (1). The adsorption isotherm is correlated to the well-known Freundlich equation:

Q_e=aρ_e^1/b namely lg Q_e=1/blg ρ_e+lg a             (7)

where  a and b are Freundlich constants.

The straight line was obtained by plotting lg Q vs  lg ρ_e (Fig.7), and the correlation coefficient of the straight line (r=0.998 1) was achieved, which showed that there was a good linear relationship. Calculated by equation Q_e=947.8ρ_e^1/3.08 fitting, the result shows that the adsorption behavior of D318 resin for Cr(Ⅵ) obeys the Freundlich equation. Parameter b is between 2 and 10. From the perspective of adsorption dynamics, under such experimental condition, the adsorption of D318 resin for Cr(Ⅵ) was easy to carry out [10-13].

Fig.7 Relationship between lg Q_e and lg ρ_e

3.4 Effect of adsorption temperature on adsorption percentage and determination of thermodynamic parameter

Five parts of 50.0 mg resins were weighed and put into iodine flask individually at ρ₀=0.30 mg/mL, the distribution coeffient of the resin for Cr(Ⅵ) was determined at temperatures of 285, 293, 301, 309 and 317 K. According to Formula (2), the corresponding distribution coffient was figured out. From the result shown in Fig.8, it can be seen that increasing the adsorption temperature leads to better adsorption. This means that the adsorption process is an endothermic process. Therefore, the adsorption reaction is a chemical adsorption. Since the adsorption processes in buffer solution, according to lg D=-?H/(2.303RT)+?S/R [14-15], the straight line was obtained by plotting lg D vs 1/T (Fig.8). From the slope of the straight line, ?H of    4.81 kJ/mol is obtained. ?S can be obtained from the intercept of the straight line, which is 33.5 J/(mol·K). At T=298 K, ?G₂₉₈=?H-T?S=-5.16 kJ/mol. The thermo dynamic results of ?H＞0, ?G＜0 in the adsorption process indicate that the adsorption process is an endothermic process [16-18].

Fig.8 Effect of temperature on distribution coefficient

3.5 Determination of complex ratio

3.5.1 Saturated capacity method

50.0 mg of resin was weighed accurately. At T=  298 K and ρ₀=0.30 mg/mL, the experiments were carried out by using the above-mentioned method (Section 3.3.1). The saturated adsorption capacity of the resin for Cr(Ⅵ) is 265.4 mg/g, and the amount of resin functional group is 7.06 mmol/g by elementary analysis. Therefore, the molar ratio of the resin functional group to Cr(Ⅵ) is 3?2.

3.5.2 Equimolar method

Eight parts of different amounts of resins were accurately weighed and added into different iodine  flasks, and then mixed with different amounts of Cr(Ⅵ). The total mole numbers of resin functional group and Cr(Ⅵ) were kept at 248.3 ?mol whatever the molar ratio might be. The experiments were carried out with the same method mentioned previously. The curve of adsorption amount Q vs c(Cr(Ⅵ))/c(Cr(Ⅵ))+c(R) is constructed (unit of formula is mmol, R is functional group of D318 resin). The expected adsorption amount is the largest where the molar fraction of Cr(Ⅵ) is 0.41. This means that the complex molar ratio of the functional group to Cr(Ⅵ) is about 3?2. This result is consistent with that obtained from the saturated capacity method.

3.6 Desorption and recovery of resin

250.0 mg resin was weighed accurately and added into different conical flasks at T=298 K and ρ₀=      0.30 mg/mL. The flasks were shaken until adsorption equilibriums reached, and then the saturated adsorption amount was calculated. The upper layers of clear solution were taken out and the resin was dried for analysis. Four parts of 40.0 mg resin adsorbed Cr(Ⅵ) were weighed accurately, and 40 mL 5%NaOH-5%NaCl, 5%NH₄Cl-5%NH₃·H₂O, 5%HCl-5%NaCl and  5%H₂SO₄-5%Na₂SO₄ were added into the flasks respectively as eluants followed by shaking the flasks until the adsorption equilibriums reached. The content of Cr(Ⅵ) in aqueous phase was determined (Table 1). Experimental results show that the system of 5%NaOH-5%NaCl is the most efficient, and the percentage of desorption elution is up to 94.9% initially. Therefore, 5%NaOH-5%NaCl can be used as eluant to collect Cr(Ⅵ). D318 resin is a resin of the best application foreground in dealing with waste liquid of chrome.

Table 1 Adsorption and desorption of D318 resin for Cr(Ⅵ)

4 Conclusions

(1) Results of the adsorption experiment show that Cr(Ⅵ) can be optimally adsorbed on the resin at pH=3.16, and the statically saturated adsorption capacity is 265.4 mg/g. Cr(Ⅵ) can be eluted by using 5%NaOH-5%NaCl quantitatively, and the percentage of elution is up to 94.9% initially. Compared with the adsorption resin D201×4, 4-APR and XSD-296, the resin has advantages such as large adsorption capacity and easy recovery.

(2) The exchange adsorption rate of resin for Cr(Ⅵ) is controlled by a process of particle diffusion, liquid film diffusion and chemical reaction. The adsorption behavior for Cr(Ⅵ) obeys the Freundlich isotherm.

(3) The results of ΔH＞0, ΔG＜0 in the adsorption process show that the adsorption process is a spontaneous endothermic process.

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(Edited by CHEN Wei-ping)

Foundation item: Project (Y304121) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China

Received date: 2008-08-25; Accepted date: 2008-10-30

Corresponding author: SHU Zeng-nian, Associate professor; Tel: +86-578-2271338; E-mail: zengnianshu@yahoo.com.cn