Comparative study of one-dimensional NiCo alloy nanostructures
assembled by in situ and ex situ applied magnetic fields
WU Ming-zai(吴明在)1, 2, QUAN Gui-ying(全桂英)2, LIU Yan-mei(刘艳美)2,
MA Yong-qing(马永青)2, DAI Peng(戴 鹏)2, ZHANG Li-de(张立德)1
1. Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Hefei 230031, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education,
Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
Received 10 August 2009; accepted 15 September 2009
Abstract:
For the study of magnetic field-assisted assembly behavior, one-dimensional (1D) NiCo alloy nanostructures were solvothermally obtained at 180 ℃ under an in situ magnetic field (the magnetic field as applied during the chemical reduction) and ex situ field (after the chemical reduction was finished). Microscopic morphology and magnetic properties differences were investigated using scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) for these products. Magnetic measurement results show that 1D ordered microstructures under in situ magnetic field possess higher saturation magnetization Ms, remnant magnetization Mr, coercivity Hc and reduced magnetization Mr/Ms than 1D ordered microstructures under ex situ field, and the four magnetic parameters of the two ordered microstructures are much higher than those randomly distributed alloy particles prepared in the absence of external magnetic field.
Key words:
NiCo alloy; assembly; magnetic field;
1 Introduction
Traditionally, magnetic field has long been regarded as a method for studying magnetic properties of materials[1-3]. Until recently, much attention has been attracted for the possibility that magnetic fields could be used to influence chemical reactions, just like the off-used parameters, temperature and pressure[4]. In the past 5 years, the application of magnetic field has been explored in the hydrothermal processing[5-10]. Polycrystalline Co and Ni microwires were formed by the self-assembly of Co and Ni nanocrystallites under a 0.25 T external magnetic field[5-7]. Single crystalline Fe3O4 nanowires were obtained under the induction of an applied external field[8]. In addition to the well-known wire-like micro/nano structures, the legume-like structure of cobalt nanoparticles and the chain-like structure of magnetite nanoparticles are newly added [9-10]. Despite these achievements, all of these researches were focused on the in situ application of magnetic field. Little attention has been paid to the detailed difference between the in situ application of filed and the ex situ magnetic field application (postsynthesis magnetic field application).
Ni-Co binary alloy possesses great applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and aeronautics for its high hardness and excellent soft magnetic performances[11], all of which are dependent on particle morphologies, texture and magnetic properties of the alloy. In this work, Ni-Co alloy was chosen for the comparative study of the morphology and magnetic properties difference between in situ and ex situ application of magnetic field.
2 Experimental
For the present experiment, all the reagents are of analytical grade and were used as received. 2 mmol cobalt acetyl acetonate (0.520 g), 2 mmol nickel acetyl acetonate (0.514 g), 20 mmol urea (1.2 g) and 1.0 g PVP were dissolved in ethylene diamine (70 mL). After being vigorously stirred for 15 min, 10.0 mL hydrazine was dropwise added into the above mixture solution. Then, the tawny solution was transferred into two Te?on-lined stainless steel autoclaves with 60 mL capacity, respectively (one without external magnetic field, the other with 0.18 T magnet made of NdFeB). Both of the autoclaves were closed tightly to perform solvothermal processes at 180 ℃ for 12 h. After the reaction was completed, the resulting black solid powder was washed with alcohol and distilled water three times, respectively. Then the products were dried in air at 50 ℃. The as-obtained samples were labeled as ZF and AF18, indexing to the samples with zero magnetic field and with 0.18 T one respectively. The same reactions were performed for the case of 0.34 T field, which yielded sample AF34. AF18P and AF34P were used to index the postsynthesis magnetic assembly with 0.18 T and 0.34 T field, respectively, which could be obtained by scrapping the aligned ZF particles dispersed in the ethanol on the wafer. These samples were characterized by X-ray powder di?raction (XRD) using an 18 kW advanced X-ray di?ractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.540 56 ?), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, FEI Sirion 200). Magnetic hysteresis loops were measured on a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, BHV-55) at room temperature.
3 Results and discussion
The phases of the samples ZF, AF18, AF34 were determined by XRD with the patterns shown in Fig.1. All peaks can be indexed to face-centered cubic structure. The substitution of Ni and Co atoms in the alloys results in the chemical disorder and poor crystallinity. The crystallite size of ZF (21 nm) is smaller than that of AF18 (33) or AF34 (42 nm), calculated by Scherrer’s equation from the full width at half-maximum of (111) reflection, which reveals the fact that the application of magnetic fields can enhance the crystallite size. Remarkably, the intensity ratio of (111) peak to (200) peak increases with the increase of magnetic field strength, indicating a preferential orientation of alloy grains in the 1D nanostructures, and becomes more distinct when the magnetic field is increased. These results suggest that the nucleation and growth of crystallites can be influenced by magnetic fields.
Fig.1 XRD patterns of samples ZF, AF18 and AF34
The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of samples ZF, AF18, AF18P, AF34 and AF34P are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3. With no field applied, spherical particles with an average diameter of about 1 μm distribute randomly, shown in Fig.2(a). The difference between the observed size and Scherrer’s calculation reveals that the spherical particles are polycrystalline. Interestingly, 1D microstructures were obtained when magnetic fields were applied. Figs.2(b-d) show the morphologies of samples AF34 and AF34P, which clearly reveals the differences between the in situ magnetic field and the ex situ one in terms of microscopic morphology of the products. The panoramic image of sample AF34 in Fig.2(b) is composed of bundles of microstructures with average length of 200 μm. Although AF34P also possesses shape of bundles of microstructures, there are microscopic morphology differences from AF34. Figs.2(c) and (d) show the enlarged bundles of AF34 and AF34P, respectively. Compared with AF34, it is concluded that AF34P is made of one-particle chain, with chainlike structures and is not as uniform and continuous as wire-like AF34. In fact, the constituent units of the wire-like AF34 are linked so tightly that we cannot differentiate them. This observation further reveals that the 0.34 T magnetic field can exert much influence on the nucleation and growth of the magnetic particles during the hydrothermal reduction instead of a simple assembly. Both AF34 and AF34P microstructures are too large to be characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and further investigations are under way.
Fig.2 SEM micrographs of products prepared under different conditions: (a) ZF sample; (b) Lower magnification SEM image of AF34; (c) Higher magnification SEM image of AF34;(d) AF34P
Fig.3 SEM micrographs of products prepared under different conditions: (a) Lower magnification SEM image of AF18; (b) Higher magnification SEM image of AF18; (c) Lower magnification image SEM of AF18P; (d) Chain-like particle of AF34P
Fig.3(a) shows a lower magnetization SEM image of sample AF18, which reveals many loose wire-like nanostructures with over 30 μm in length and about 800 nm in diameter, interconnected with each other. More details about these wires can be found in Fig.3(b). Evidently, the single wire in Fig.3(b) is seamlessly linked by these nearly spherical particles. These building particles keep the spherical shape, which is a little different from that of AF34. The reason should be from the difference of magnetic field intensity. The stronger the applied magnetic field is, the larger the changes of the particles morphologies are. Comparatively, Figs.3(c) and (d) show the images of AF18P. On the whole, AF18P is composed of chain-like microstructures, similar to that of AF34P. However, these chains are not aligned as orderly as those of AF34P (Fig.3(c)). In addition, some chains are very rough, accompanied with some smaller particles, which can no longer be called one-particle chain (Fig.3(d)). The above observation can be explained based on the reduced alignment and the reduced interaction between particles and applied magnetic field.
The magnetic properties of materials are believed to be highly dependent on the sample morphology, crystallinity, magnetization direction, etc[11]. Hence, the ferromagnetic properties of 1D microstructures of AF34, AF34P, AF18 and AF18P are supposed to be remarkably different from those of disordered ZF. Fig.4 shows M-H hysteresis loops of the products measured at room temperature. The inset is the enlarged plots of boxed area in Fig.4. The main magnetic parameters including saturation magnetization Ms, remnant magnetization Mr, reduced magnetization Mr/Ms and coercive field Hc are listed in Table 1.
Fig.4 Field-dependent magnetization of samples ZF, AF18P, AF34P, AF18 and AF34 measured at 300 K in applied magnetic field
Table 1 Magnetic parameters Ms, Mr, Mr/Ms, Hc of samples ZF, AF18P, AF34P, AF18 and AF34 obtained by VSM measurement at room temperature
Compared with Ms of the ZF sample (66.5 A?m2/kg), all samples of the in situ magnetic field and the ex situ one possess enhanced Ms, especially for the AF34 (82.9 A?m2/kg)). Noticeably, in situ magnetic field exerts much more distinct effect than ex situ one in terms of the enhancement of Ms and Hc values, which maybe result from the effect of in situ magnetic field on the nucleation and growth of particles. Consistently, the values of reduced remanence (Mr/Ms) of samples AF18 and AF34 are larger than those of the samples ZF, AF18P or AF34P. Furthermore, with the increase of the magnetic field intensity, the differences between the sample ZF and samples of AF series are enhanced, which holds for all the four magnetic parameters. As discussed above, the nucleation and growth of alloy particles along the magnetic force line determine the 1D microstructures formation. Therefore, it is expected that a weak magnetic field can be developed as an important tool to control the structure and properties of materials, especially magnetic materials. The present study reveals that the structure and morphology can be artificially tuned by using both the in situ magnetic field and the ex situ one.
4 Conclusions
1) In situ magnetic field and ex situ field were successfully applied for the preparation of 1D NiCo alloy nanostructures.
2) Based on the XRD analysis and SEM images observation, it is concluded that the in situ magnetic field can synchronously influence both the nucleation and the parallel growth of particles, while the ex situ applied field only assembles the particles into chain-like microstructures.
3) Magnetic measurements reveal that in situ magnetic field exerts much more distinct effect than ex situ one in terms of the enhancement of Ms values and Hc values, which are believed to result from the effect of in situ magnetic field on the nucleation and growth of particles. It is suggested that the reasonable choice of in situ magnetic field and ex situ one can serve as promising method for the preparation of novel nanostructures and modulation of magnetic properties.
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Foundation item: Project(50901074) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20080430778) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Project(2008jq1002) supported by Young Teacher Natural Science Fundation of Anhui Province, China
Corresponding author: ZHANG Li-de; Tel: +86-15955127125; E-mail: ldzhang@issp.ac.cn
DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60070-4
