Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 2239-2243
Effects of Y addition on microstructure and properties of Al-Zr alloys
Yong-zhi ZHANG1,2, Hai-yan GAO1,2, Yu-fei WANG1,2, Jun WANG1,2, Bao-de SUN1,2, Sun-wang GU3, Wei-ren YOU3
1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
2. The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
3. Zhongtian Technology Corporation, Nantong 226009, China
Received 17 October 2013; accepted 23 April 2014
Abstract: Microstructure and properties of Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y (mass fraction, %) alloys were investigated by electrical conductivity measurements, microhardness tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micron-sized primary Al3Y phases form within grains and at grain boundaries simultaneously as product of eutectic reaction in as-cast Al-Zr-Y alloys. The addition of Y obviously accelerates the precipitation kinetics of Al3Zr (L12) in Al-Zr-Y alloys. The Al-Zr-Y alloys exhibit greater electrical conductivity during aging due to formation of increased volume fractions of Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates. In ternary Al-Zr-Y alloys, spheroidal L12-structured Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates with increased number density and smaller mean radius were observed. The Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y alloys show improved recrystallization resistance compared with Al-0.30Zr alloys
Key words: Al-Zr-Y alloy; yttrium; heat treatment; recrystallization; microstructure; mechanical property
1 Introduction
Addition of a small amount of Zr can improve the recrystallization resistance of deformed aluminum alloys due to formation of metastable Al3Zr precipitates with L12 structure [1]. The Al3Zr dispersoids, precipitated from supersaturated Al-Zr solid solution during aging, are resistant to coarsening and can impede the evolution of subgrain during the hot deformation and homogenization [2]. The effectiveness of precipitates will depend on their distribution, size and spacing [3]. However, Zr is readily to segregate at the dendrites centers of aluminum alloys during solidification, which leads to heterogeneous distribution of Al3Zr. The precipitates free region is prone to recrystallization. The homogenization treatment could not improve the distribution of precipitates and eliminate the precipitates free region [4]. Moreover, the precipitation of Al3Zr (L12) is relatively slow due to slow diffusivity of Zr in α(Al).
Investigations have been carried out to accelerate precipitation kinetics and improve distribution of precipitates through multi-step annealing procedures [5] and alloying additions, such as Er [6], Yb [7] and Sc [8-10], among which the effect of Sc on precipitation behavior in Al-Zr was investigated extensively. The combined additions of Er and Zr improve the precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys [6]. There is a synergetic effect of Yb and Zr on the precipitation evolution of Al-Zr-Yb alloys, which results in a significant aging strengthening at elevated temperatures [7]. Alloys containing both Sc and Zr show promising strength and recrystallization resistance due to the formation of Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates [9,10]. However, high cost of scandium limited its commercial use. Thus cheaper yet more effective alternative elements are expected to find widespread use in commercial alloys. Y locates at the same main group as Sc, and the two elements show similar chemical properties. However, in published literatures, few researches were found to focus on the precipitation evolution of Al-Zr-Y alloys. In the present work, effect of yttrium on microstructure and recrystallization of Al-Zr was investigated to explore possibility of optimizing the properties of Al-Zr alloys.
2 Experimental
The alloys under study were prepared through the ingot metallurgy route in the laboratory. Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y alloys were investigated (all compositions are in mass fraction of % unless otherwise noted). Alloys were melted in alumina crucibles at 800 °C in the open air, using 99.99 Al, Al-4.6Zr and/or Al-10Y master alloy. After thoroughly stirring, the melt was poured into a graphite mold. The ingots for observation were then aged at 500 °C for 1-16 h and water quenched after each aging treatment. The as-cast samples for cold-rolled were aged at 500 °C for 12 h and then cold-rolled to 82% reduction.
FEI NOVA NanoSEM 230 field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the distribution of precipitates at 10 kV using backscattered imaging mode. To calculate number density of precipitates, the maximum depth below specimen surface where precipitates can be detected was calculated to be 0.66 μm by applying the Kanaya-Okayama equation in Ref. [11]. Precipitates size and number density were analyzed using Image pro software. At least 100 precipitates were measured for each mean radius of precipitates and at least 6 random SEM images were analyzed for each number density. The morphology and structure of precipitates were investigated using JEM 2100F transmission electron microscope (TEM) operated at 200 kV. TEM specimens were prepared through mechanical grinding to less than 80 μm. The specimens were thinned by twin-jet electro-polishing at 12 V in a 30% nitric acid and 70% methanol solution cooled to -30 °C.
Electrical conductivity and Vickers microhardness of the specimens were measured. Electrical conductivity measurements were performed at ambient temperature using an FD-102 eddy current conductivity tester. Five measurements were recorded for each reading. Vickers microhardness measurements were performed on polished samples using a load of 1.96 N and a dwell time of 10 s. At least 10 microhardness measurements were taken as the experimental data.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 As-cast microstructure
The micron-sized primary Al3Y phases formed within grains and at grain boundaries as production of eutectic reaction in as-cast Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y, as shown in Fig. 1. The inset TEM micrograph of Al-0.30Zr- 0.08Y in Fig. 1 illustrates primary Al3Y at grain boundary. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis shows that composition of the primary phases is 78.40% Al, 21.31% Y and 0.29% Zr in mole fraction, which indicates the Al3Y stoichiometry and trace amount of Zr in the primary phases. However, the formation of primary phases indicates only a fraction of Y added to the alloys is available in the solid solution for precipitation. For the relatively low equilibrium partition coefficient (k0≈0.02) [12], supersaturated Y atoms were expelled from the grain and accumulated at the advancing solid-liquid interface. When the Y concentration approaches the eutectic point, Al3Y will form as divorced eutectic. A coupled eutectic reaction was not observed because of the low volume fraction of the Al3Y phases in the Al-Al3Y eutectic and the slow growth kinetics of the intermetallic phase. Similar phenomenon was observed in the Al-Sc [13] and Al-Er [14] system.
Fig. 1 SEM backscattered micrograph of as-cast Al-0.30Zr- 0.08Y showing primary Al3Y phases formed within grains and at grain boundaries during solidification
3.2 Precipitation evolution during aging
Figure 2 illustrates precipitation behavior of Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y during aging as determined by electrical conductivity measurement. Al-Zr-Y exhibits relatively high electrical conductivity compared with Al-Zr during aging, indicating more alloy elements precipitated in ternary alloys. Investigations showed that influence of Zr in solid solution on electrical conductivity of aluminum alloys is approximately two orders of magnitude more than that in precipitation (0.17×10-8 Ω·m and 0.004×10-8 Ω·m per 0.1% Zr for solution elements and precipitation, respectively) [15]. By contrast, the similarity of as-cast electrical conductivities of Al-Zr and Al-Zr-Y alloys suggests that the effect of Y on the electrical conductivity is limited. Therefore, increase in conductivity during aging should mainly correspond to an increase of Zr in the form of precipitation and larger volume fraction of precipitates.
Fig. 2 Evolution of electrical conductivity during isothermal aging at 500 °C for Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y
The precipitation of Al3Zr commences when the aging time is more than 3 h, as indicated by the increase in electrical conductivity in Al-Zr alloys, which suggests the slow precipitation kinetics due to the slow diffusivity for Zr in α(Al). The Al-0.30Zr alloy achieves a peak conductivity value of 57 % (vs IACS) which corresponds to a maximum volume fraction of Al3Zr precipitates when aged for 12 h.
The rapid increase of electrical conductivity of Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y reveals that the precipitation commences when aging time is less than 1 h, indicating much faster precipitation kinetics in Al-Zr-Y alloys compared with Al-Zr. Coincided with Al-Zr alloys, Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y achieves peak electrical conductivity of 58.91% (vs IACS) when aged for 12 h. The change between as-cast and peak value in electrical conductivity of Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y alloys is 3.84% (vs IACS), which is larger than that of Al-0.30Zr (2.44% vs IACS), indicating that larger volume fraction of precipitates is generated in Al-Zr-Y. There is a decrease in electrical conductivity and hardness when the aging time is more than 12 h, which is due to coarsening and dissolution of L12-structured precipitates and their transformation to D023 structure, as reported in previous studies [1,2].
Fig. 3 SEM images of Al3Zr and Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates in Al-0.30Zr (a) and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y (b) aged at 500 °C for 12 h
Fig. 4 Bright/dark field TEM micrographs of Al3Zr and Al3(Zr,Y) precipitate in Al-0.30Zr (a) and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y (b) aged at 500 °C for 12 h
3.3 Distribution and structure of precipitates
Figure 3(a) and (b) show SEM images of nanoscaled precipitates in Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y aged at 500 °C for 12 h, respectively. It is apparent that compared with binary Al-0.30Zr alloys, precipitates with smaller radius and higher number density were obtained in Al-Zr-Y alloys. TEM observation revealed that the precipitates in both binary and ternary alloys kept spherical after aging for 12 h, as shown in Fig. 4. The superlattice diffraction points in selected area diffraction (SAD) in Figs. 4(a) and (b) indicate that the precipitates in Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y are both of the L12 structure. The composition of precipitates in Al-0.30Zr is determined by EDS to be 15.4% Zr and 84.6% Al. In contrast, the composition of precipitates in Al-0.30Zr- 0.08Y is determined by EDS to be 8.40% Zr, 1.55% Y and 90.05% Al. Based on the results of SAD and EDS, it could be deduced that the precipitates in Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y are binary Al3Zr and ternary Al3(Zr,Y) with L12 structure, respectively. The EDS results in Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y suggest that Zr is the dominant precipitating species, with Y partitioning weakly to the Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates.
The measured number density, average radius and volume fraction of precipitates in Al-Zr-(Y) alloys aged at 500 °C for 12 h are shown in Table 1. The number density of precipitates in Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y is nearly seven times that in Al-0.30Zr. The primary Al3Y phases in Al-Zr-Y alloys reduce Y in the solid solution, which suggests that the effect of trace Y in α(Al) matrix on the increase of nucleation rates of precipitates is distinct. The smaller radius of precipitates in Al-Zr-Y alloys may result from the competition for available Zr solute between nucleation and growth [16]. At higher nucleation rate, more precipitates form, each of which is only able to grow to a smaller size before exhausting the supersaturated Zr. Volume fraction of precipitates in Al-Zr-Y is larger than that in Al-Zr, which is consistent with the electrical conductivity measurements.
Table 1 Average radius, r, number density, N, volume fraction, f, and Zener-drag, PZ∝(f/r) of precipitates in Al-Zr-(Y) alloys aged at 500 °C for 12 h
3.4 Recrystallization resistance
In order to investigate the recrystallization resistance of alloys, the cold-rolled samples were annealed at 350 °C for 120 min. Figure 5 shows the hardness-annealing time curves of the cold-rolled alloys at 350 °C. The hardness of Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y decreases more slowly than that of Al-0.30Zr. This indicates that the addition of Y improves the recrystallization resistance of cold-rolled Al-Zr alloys.
The Al3Zr or Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates can exert a drag force (Zener-drag), PZ, on the mobile subgrain boundaries, which prevents the subgrains from becoming potential nuclei for recrystallization [17]. A widely used relationship for the Zener-drag is PZ=3fγGB/2r [18], where γGB is the specific grain boundary energy, f is the volume fraction and r is the radius of precipitates. The equation illustrates that a higher (f/r)-ratio, i.e., a large volume fraction of small precipitates, should favor to attaining a large Zener-drag. The calculated f/r-ratios of precipitates are shown in Table 1, suggesting that the Zener-drag of Al3(Zr,Y) in Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y is three times that of Al3Zr. Therefore, the Al3(Zr,Y) precipitates exert a high retarding force upon dislocation and grain boundaries, leading to improved recrystallization resistance of Al-Zr-Y alloys.
Fig. 5 Hardness as function of annealing time at 350 °C for cold-rolled Al-0.30Zr and Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y alloys
4 Conclusions
1) Micron-sized primary Al3Y phases form within grains and at grain boundaries simultaneously as product of eutectic reaction in as-cast Al-Zr-Y alloys.
2) Addition of Y obviously accelerates the precipitation kinetics of precipitates in Al-Zr-Y alloys. The electrical conductivity of Al-Zr-Y is higher than that of Al-Zr during aging due to the precipitation of nanoscale Al3(Zr,Y) (L12) precipitates with larger volume fraction.
3) Al3(Zr,Y) (L12) precipitates with smaller radius and higher number density are obtained in Al-Zr-Y alloys.
4) The Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y alloys show improved recrystallization resistance compared with Al-0.30Zr alloys. It is consistent with the higher calculated Zener- drag of precipitates in Al-Zr-Y.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Mr. Wei LI and Ms. Lin HE (Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University) for their help in SEM investigation.
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Y对Al-Zr合金微观组织与性能的影响
张永志1,2，高海燕1,2，王宇飞1,2，王 俊1,2，孙宝德1,2，顾孙望3，尤伟任3
1. 上海交通大学 上海市先进高温材料及其精密成形重点实验室，上海 200240；
2. 上海交通大学 金属基复合材料国家重点实验室，上海 200240；
3. 中天科技有限公司，南通 226009
摘 要：采用电导率、显微硬度、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究Al-0.30Zr与Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y合金的微观组织与性能。铸态Al-Zr-Y合金中微米尺度初生Al3Y相通过共晶反应在晶内和晶界上同时生成。在Al-Zr-Y合金中，Y明显加速了Al3Zr(L12)的析出动力学。由于较大体积Al3(Zr,Y)析出相的生成，Al-Zr-Y合金的电导率明显高于Al-Zr合金的。在Al-Zr-Y合金中观察到了高密度的弥散球状L12结构Al3(Zr,Y)析出相。Al-0.30Zr-0.08Y合金具有比Al-0.30Zr合金更强的抗再结晶能力。
关键词：Al-Zr-Y合金；钇；热处理；再结晶；微观组织；力学性能
(Edited by Hua YANG)
Foundation item: Project (2012CB619505) supported by the Basic Research Program of China; Project (51274141) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
Corresponding author: Hai-yan GAO; Tel: + 86-21-54742661; E-mail: gaohaiyan@sjtu.edu.cn
DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63339-2
