DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2015.03.030
杏北西斜坡区扶杨油层断裂系统特征
王雅春1, 2,朱琳1, 2,王璐1, 2,孙永河1, 2,席国兴3
(1. 东北石油大学 地球科学学院,黑龙江 大庆,163318;
2. 东北石油大学 地球科学学院,“非常规油气成藏与开发”省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,
黑龙江 大庆 163318;
3. 大庆油田有限责任公司 第四采油厂,黑龙江 大庆,163511)
摘要:为了找出与杏北西斜坡区扶杨油层控油关系密切的断裂,在分析断裂形成的区域构造背景基础上,系统地研究了断裂的几何学特征及形成演化过程,并依据断裂的变形期次、变形性质划分了断裂系统,通过界定扶杨油层断裂系统的构成厘定了控油断裂类型及分布规律。研究结果表明:杏北西斜坡区断裂以平直断层为主,倾角陡、规模小,断层走向总体为北西向。断裂演化主要经历3期不同性质的变形:即青山口组沉积时期(Ⅰ期)的拉张变形、嫩一二段沉积时期(Ⅱ期)持续拉张变形和嫩三段~第四系时期(Ⅲ期)的反转变形。其中青山口组沉积过程中断裂活动最为强烈,致使断裂集中发育在T2y1和T2 2个界面,并形成了高密度的T2反射层(扶杨油层的顶面)断裂密集带。按照断裂不同时期的不同性质变形特征可将杏北西斜坡区划分出5套断裂系统,T2反射层主要发育Ⅰ型断裂系统、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂系统和Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂系统,其中沟通青山口组源岩和扶杨油层且未断穿青山口组泥岩盖层的I型断裂系统的断裂密集带边部具有较好的油气富集。
关键词:杏北西斜坡;扶杨油层;断裂密集带;断裂演化;断裂系统
中图分类号:TE111.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672-7207(2015)03-0997-09
Fault system characteristics of Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer in the west slope of the northern Xingshugang oil field
WANG Yachun1, 2, ZHU Lin1, 2, WANG Lu1, 2, SUN Yonghe1, 2, XI Guoxing3
(1. College of Earth Science, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China;
2. The State Key Laboratory Base of Unconventional Oil and Gas Accumulation and Exploitation,
College of Earth Science, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China;
3. The Forth Oil Recovery Factory of Daqing Oilfield Company Limited, Daqing 163511, China)
Abstract: To find out the oil-controlling faults in close relationship with Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer in the west slope of the northern Xingshugang oil field, on the basis of analysing regional tectonic setting of fault formation, geometry characteristics and evolution of fault were studied, fault system was divided depending on phases of deformation and deformation properties, and type of oil-controlling faults and their distribution were determined by defining fault system of Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer. The result shows that the faults are dominated by straight fractures which dip steeply and the faults strike in NW with the small fractures. Fault evolution mainly experienced 3 different deformations: extensional deformation during the sedimentation of the Qingshankou formation (Ⅰ), sustainable extensional deformation during the sedimentation of K1n1 and K1n2 (Ⅱ), and reversal deformation during the sedimentation of the K1n3~the quaternary period(Ⅲ). The fractures had an intense activity during the sedimentation of the Qingshankou formation, thus faults were concentrated development in T2y1 and T2 reflecting layers, forming the high density fault condensed belts (the top surface of Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer) of T2 reflecting layer, oil mainly distributed in the edge of the fault condensed belts. According to the three stages of fault deformation, the west slope of the northern Xingshugang oil field was divided into five fault systems, and the T2 reflecting layer mainly had the Ⅰtype fault system, theⅠ-Ⅱtype fault system and the Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ type fault system. The oil had good enrichment around the Ⅰ type fault system in the study area which connected the Qingshankou formation source rocks and the Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer.
Key words: the west slope of the northern Xingshugang oil field; Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer; fault condensed belts; fault evolution; fault system
杏北西斜坡区位于大庆长垣与齐家-古龙凹陷交界。西临齐家地区金28区块,属于齐家-古龙凹陷范畴,东在杏树岗油田区内,属于大庆长垣主体部分,研究面积约135.6 km2。图1所示为研究区地震工区位置。从T2y1,T2,T11和T06反射层构造形态特征来看,研究区整体呈NNE展布,各层之间形态非常相似,具有继承性特征,自西向东呈现由低到高的鼻状构造,图2所示为杏北西斜坡区联合地震解释剖面。研究区以及周边地区断裂发育,多口井在扶杨油层见工业油流,勘探实践发现断裂对油井的分布具有明显的控制作用。但研究区的勘探程度较低,断裂特征,尤其是对控油断裂的研究欠缺,影响了油水分布规律及主控因素的确定和有利区的优选等工作。本文基于地震资料,分析工区断裂形成的区域背景、研究断裂的几何学特征及演化历史,拆分出扶杨油层的断裂系统,为油田后续的有利目标优选奠定基础。
1 断裂构造特征及形成演化规律
1.1 断裂形成的区域构造背景
在松辽盆地几十年的勘探实践中,许多专家、学者基于不同的成盆机理对盆地构造演化方面有不同的分析和论述,但基本上都认同断陷、坳陷和反转3个大的构造演化阶段[1-3],相应划分为三大构造层:即断陷构造层、坳陷构造层和反转构造层(付晓飞等,2007)[4]。从松辽盆地区域构造发育史来看,盆地并非是简单的三期演化,其间也有应力场性质的改变,使松辽盆地经历多期“开-合”演化历史,同时应力场方位的变化也使部分时期构造变形。松辽盆地先后经历了火石岭组~营城组时期伸展变形、青山口组时期和嫩一二段时期的拉张变形、嫩江组末期~明水组末期~古近系末期的反转变形[5-8]。从杏北西部地区T2反射层姚家组沉积前构造形态与嫩三段沉积前构造形态对比来看,二者继承性特征明显,表明坳陷阶段构造运动对工区形态影响不大;与现今T2反射层构造形态对比来看,二者明显存在差异,即由原来中部略低、两侧略高演变为中部拱起最大且向西地势明显降低的鼻状构造,这表明,现今看到的鼻状构造形态主要是盆地反转变形时期形成并最终定型的。
图1 研究区地震工区位置
Fig. 1 Seismic work area location of study region
1.2 断裂几何学特征
松辽盆地垂向3大构造层对应发育“上、中、下”3套断层系,下部断层系发育在断陷期火石岭组-营城组地层中,即T5和T4,控制了断陷期地层的沉积。中部断层系发育在登娄库组-嫩一二段地层中,存在3个高密度层:即T3,T2和T11,其中T2断层密度最大。上部断层系发育于嫩三四段-第四系地层中,与中部断层系的分界面为T06,数量较少。3套断层系在剖面上衔接性很差,尤其是下部断层系与中部断层系衔接性最差,长期发育的断层数量不多。杏北西部地区垂向上主要发育下部和中部断层系,上部断层系极少(图2)。
剖面上断层为“张扭”性平直正断层,倾角较陡,一般为50°~70°。断层走向变化不大,总体为北北西、北西向,少部分发育北东向断层,图3所示为杏北西斜坡区断裂几何要素统计。倾向以北东东、北东向为主,少部分断层为东西向。造成这种现象的原因主要是坳陷期应力场方向调整为近东西向,强烈活动时期为青山口组沉积早期,产生大量南北向断裂[9](三肇凹陷T2反射层最为典型),但在长垣杏树岗地区因其处于基底近SN向断裂在此处发生左阶弯曲部位,受局部应力场转换形成NW向断裂。而在反转期受左旋压扭应力场的作用,也主要形成北西向张扭性正断层,因此研究区T2反射层、T11反射层以及T06反射层断裂均表现出NW向走向为主体走向的特征。
从研究区断层规模小,断距不大,延伸的距离短(图3)。最大断距为90 m,一般在30 m以内;最大延伸长度为7 km,一般在2 km以内;断层密度自下而上逐渐减小(图3),最大密度为0.8条/km2,最小断层密度为0.16条/km2,表明自下而上断裂规模逐渐减小,也反映构造变形的逐渐衰减过程。
从剖面上看,断裂组合模式总体呈现堑-垒式组合模式,T2反射层‘地堑’由对倾的密集断层构成,“地堑”之间“地垒”特征明显,在平面上“地堑”由密集断层构成,称之为断裂密集带[10-12],“堑”和“垒”形成低幅度“隆-凹”相间的构造格局。基于断裂剖面组合模式的地堑追踪平面断裂密集带分布特征发现,T2反射层共发育26条密集带,图4所示为杏北西斜坡区T2反射层断裂密集带。其中NW向密集带18条,NWW向密集带6条,近SN向密集带2条。油多分布在断裂密集带边部[11-15]。
图2 杏北西斜坡区联合地震解释剖面
Fig. 2 Joint seismic interpretation profile in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
图3 杏北西斜坡区断裂几何要素统计
Fig. 3 Geometric elements statistics of fractures in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
1.3 断裂形成演化历史
断层生长指数定义为上盘厚度与下盘厚度之比。断层生长指数概念自Thorsen[13]提出以来,在国内外生长断层的研究中得到了较为广泛的应用。对正断层而言,当生长指数为1时,说明断层两盘厚度相等,断层在该时期不活动。断层生长指数大于1时,断层在该时期活动,且生长指数越大,断层活动越强烈。基于断裂生长指数和断裂形成演化历史剖面可以标定断裂的强活动期次和形成演化历程[16]。图5所示为杏北西斜坡区L200+L5598测线生长指数剖面。从自南而北生长指数剖面中断层活动频率(图5)来看,青山口组沉积时期、嫩一二沉积时期和T06以来的反转变形时期为断层的强活动时期。
图6所示为杏北西斜坡区构造发育史。通过构造发育史剖面反映的断裂形成演化过程可知(图6),青山口组沉积过程中断裂活动最为强烈,形成了高密度的T2反射层断裂密集带。姚一段、姚二三段时期断裂活动弱,极个别的断裂持续弱的活动。嫩一二段时期断裂再次强烈活动,其活动强度较青山口组时期明显弱,新生的断裂相对少,活动的断裂大部分为T2反射层密集带的边部断裂持续活动,形成T11反射层的宽而零星分布的断裂密集带。嫩三段以来,主要在嫩江组末期、明水组末期和古近系末期,松辽盆地发生强烈的反转变形,其中明水组末期反转最为强烈,其形成的构造形态与现今最接近。在断裂再次强烈反转活动中,一方面形成背斜的鼻状构造,另一方面大量反转相关的正断层活动,活动断层多数为T2或T11反射层断裂密集带的边部断裂,而新生的反转相关正断层也发育,但明显数量少。
图4 杏北西斜坡区T2反射层断裂密集带
Fig. 4 Fault condensed belts of T2 reflecting layer in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
图5 杏北西斜坡区L200+L5598测线生长指数剖面
Fig. 5 Growth index profile of L200+L5598 in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
图6 杏北西斜坡区构造发育史
Fig. 6 Structural history of west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
2 断裂系统构成
2.1 断裂系统划分
通过上述分析发现,研究区断裂主要有3期强烈的变形:即青山口组沉积时期(Ⅰ期)、嫩一二段沉积时期(Ⅱ期)和嫩三段~第四系时期(Ⅲ期),其中青山口组沉积时期和嫩一二段沉积时期为拉张变形,嫩三段以来为多期的反转变形。图7所示为杏北西斜坡区典型剖面断裂系统分布(L200+L5598)。围绕断裂三期变形及断裂形成演化过程可以将杏北西部地区剖面上划分出5套断裂系统(图7),分别为Ⅰ型断裂系统、Ⅱ型断裂系统、Ⅲ型断裂系统、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂系统和Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂系统。Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂和Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂为长期活动的断裂。
Ⅰ型断裂系统为青山口组沉积时期新生形成的断裂,在之后的演化过程中没有继续持续活动,故只断穿T2反射层。该类断裂规模较小,在T2反射层与长期活动的断裂构成密集带,部分为带边断裂,部分为带内断裂。Ⅱ型断裂系统为嫩一二段时期新生形成的断裂,在之后的反转变形过程中没有持续活动,故只断穿T11和T1反射层。该类断裂多为T11反射层密集带内断裂,少部分为孤立的断层。Ⅲ型断裂系统为嫩三段以来反转变形新生形成的断裂,向下只断穿T06反射层。该类断裂发育较少,为反转相关伴生的正断层。Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂系统为青山口组和嫩一二段沉积时期持续活动的断裂,剖面上断穿T2反射层和T11(T1)反射层。该类断裂在T2反射层多为密集带边部断裂,在T11反射层部分为密集带边部断裂,少部分为孤立的断裂。Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂系统为青山口组、嫩一二段和嫩三段~第四系三个时期持续活动的断裂,剖面上断穿了T2反射层和T06反射层。该类断裂大部分在T2反射层和T11反射层均为密集带的边部断裂,少部分为孤立的断裂。
2.2 扶杨油层断裂系统
扶杨油层顶面T2反射层断裂系统即为扶杨油层发育的断裂系统类型。基于地震解释成果,将T2反射层发育的断裂进行了拆分,结果显示T2反射层发育的断裂主要存在3种穿层规律,即单断T2反射层(和T2y1反射层)、断穿T2反射层(和T2y1反射层)和T11反射层(和T1反射层)以及断穿T2反射层(和T2y1反射层)和T06反射层。在此基础上,结合断裂的3期变形和上述断裂系统的划分依据,可以明确T2反射层主要发育3种类型的断裂系统(图8),即Ⅰ型断裂系统、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂系统和Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂系统。
这3种断穿T2的断裂在扶杨油层成藏关键时刻,是否起到了输导油气的通道作用呢?许多学者研究认为松辽盆地北部扶杨油层油的富集主要是青山口组源岩生成并排出的油在超压作用下沿沟通青山口组源岩和扶杨油层储层的断裂向下倒灌运移的结果[17-24]。扶杨油层成藏关键时刻主要为明水组沉积末期,即晚期反转变形最为强烈的时期[10]。因此,只有断入青山口组源岩和扶杨油层储层的断裂并且在明水组沉积末期具有垂向开启性的断裂应该为扶杨油层油的富集起到了运移作用。从图8可见,油井大都分布在I型断裂系统附近。
图7 杏北西斜坡区典型剖面断裂系统分布(L200+L5598)
Fig. 7 Typical fracture systems profile in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field(L200+L5598)
图8 杏北西斜坡区扶杨油层断裂系统构成(据T2反射层)
Fig. 8 Fault system constitutes of Fuyu—Yangdachengzi oil layer (T2 reflecting layer) in west slope of northern Xingshugang oil field
3 结论
1) 杏北西部断裂以平直断层为主,倾角陡,一般50°~70°;断层走向总体为北西向;断距规模小,断距一般在30 m以内,延伸长度一般2 km以内;断层密度自下而上逐渐减小,反映构造变形的逐渐衰减过程。青山口组沉积过程中断裂活动最为强烈,形成了高密度的T2反射层断裂密集带,油多分布在断裂密集带边部。
2) 杏北西斜坡区划分出5套断裂系统,T2反射层(扶杨油层顶面)主要发育Ⅰ型断裂系统、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型断裂系统和Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型断裂系统。研究区断入青山口组源岩和扶杨油层储层的I型断裂系统周边具有较好的油富集。
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(编辑 陈爱华)
收稿日期:2014-09-02;修回日期:2014-10-26
基金项目(Foundation item):国家自然科学基金资助项目(41440017);黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(D201406) (Project(41440017) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(D201406) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China)
通信作者:王雅春,博士,教授,从事石油地质方面的研究;E-mail: dqpiwyc@163.com