火法Bi捕集废汽车催化剂中的Pd、Pt、Rh

来源期刊:中国有色金属学报2020年第9期

论文作者:张福元 张广安 徐亮 赵卓

文章页码:2162 - 2171

关键词:铋;废汽车催化剂;火法捕集;钯;铂;铑

Key words:bismuth; spent automotive catalyst; pyrometallurgical capture; palladium; platinum; rhodium

摘    要:建立以绿色、无毒、低熔点的金属Bi为捕集剂,选取Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-Bi2O3渣型的火法熔炼新工艺,从废汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属,研究熔渣碱度、金属Bi质量、熔炼温度、捕集时间和硅硼质量比等因素对Pd、Pt、Rh捕集行为的影响。熔渣碱度0.71、金属Bi 1.9 g、硅硼质量比0.94:1、1100 ℃熔炼10 min的优化条件下,熔渣易分离、贵铋表面光亮,Pd、Pt、Rh的回收率分别为98.90%、95.02%、97.00%,熔渣经二次熔炼后,Pd、Pt、Rh的总回收率均大于99%;熔炼过程中Pd、Pt、Rh优先被还原,以原子态或原子团簇形态与金属Bi键合,可形成α-Bi2Pd、Bi2Pt、Bi4Rh等二元金属间化合物,有利于降低体系自由能,实现金属Bi对Pd、Pt、Rh的良好捕集。该工艺的成功开发为废汽车催化剂中铂族金属的综合回收开辟了一条新思路。

Abstract: A novel process for the recovery of platinum group metals from spent automotive catalysts, of which Bi was used as the capturing agent with the properties of environment-friendly, non-toxic, and low melting temperature, was proposed, and the slag system of Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-Bi2O3 was applied to the pyrometallurgical smelting process. The effects of slag basicity, capturing agent mass, smelting temperature, smelting capturing time, and mass ratio of Si to B on the recovery rates of Pd, Pt and Rh were systematically investigated. The results show that the platinum group metals containing bismuth alloy with smooth surface and simplicity in two-phase separation can be obtained under the optimal experimental conditions of slag basicity of 0.71, Bi mass of 1.9 g, smelting temperature of 1100 ℃, smelting capturing time of 10 min, and Si to B mass ratio of 0.94:1. The recovery rates of Pd Pt and Rh are 98.90%, 95.02% and 97.00%, respectively, and the overall Pd, Pt and Rh recovery reach as high as 99% by secondary smelting. The trace platinum group metals are preferentially reduced to atomic state or atomic clusters, which can bind with the newly generated metallic Bi, form the binary intermetallic compound of α-Bi2Pd, Bi2Pt and Bi4Rh. The similar lattice structures can reduce system free energy, and further achieve excellent capturing effects of Pd, Pt and Rh. The successful development of this process provides a new route for the comprehensive utilization of platinum group metals in waste automotive catalysts.

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