Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 29(2019) 840-848

Roasting oxidation behaviors of ReS₂ and MoS₂ in powdery rhenium-bearing, low-grade molybdenum concentrate

Xiao-hui FAN, Qiong DENG, Min GAN, Xu-ling CHEN

School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

Received 21 June 2018; accepted 24 December 2018

Abstract: The oxidation roasting process of molybdenum concentrate has significant advantages in industrial applications. However, utilization of low-grade mineral has many problems because it is more complex than the standard concentrate. In this study, the oxidation behaviors of powdery rhenium-bearing low-grade molybdenum concentrate were investigated through thermodynamic calculation, roasting experiments, thermogravimetric analysis, and phase analysis. The results obtained show that oxidation of MoS₂ begins at 450 °C, and MoO₃ reacts with metal-oxide forming molybdate at 600 °C. Finally, MoO₃ can be dissolved in ammonia with a maximum content of approximately 80%. The volatile speed of Re was considerably slower than the oxidation speed of MoS₂ because the nonvolatile products ReO₂ and ReO₃ were generated in reactions among MoS₂, SO₂, and Re₂O₇. The final volatilization rate of Re was almost 70%. This study determined the problems related to the roasting of low-grade molybdenum concentrate, which lays the scientific foundations for subsequent enhancement of molybdenum and rhenium extraction.

Key words: low-grade molybdenum; rhenium; oxidation roasting; thermodynamics; phase evolution

1 Introduction

Molybdenum is a rare and refractory metal [1-5] and China’s molybdenum reserve ranks second in the world [6]. However, over 64% of the molybdenum deposits in China exist in the form of complex paragenetic mines [7,8] and are characterized as low-grade, which results in processing difficulties. As rhenium is usually associated with molybdenum ore in the form of ReS₂, molybdenum and rhenium generally become enriched in the molybdenum concentrate during mineral processing [9]. Rhenium is a rare and precious metal characterized by high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, a special electronic configuration, and excellent catalytic activity. These characteristics make it efficient for use in spaceflight [10-12], medicine [13], and catalyst [14,15] applications. Because of its widespread commercial value and prospects for development, the recovery of rhenium has attracted substantial research attention. Thus, extracting rhenium during the recovery of molybdenum has great economic value.

The main oxidation methods for rhenium-bearing molybdenum concentrate are hydrometallurgy [16-22] and pyrometallurgy. The hydrometallurgical route can avoid the emission of SO₂ but requires high-quality facilities, huge investment, and large costs because of the high price of the autoclave (one with a processing capacity of 1000 L costs at least $150000) and the specific requirements of a waterproof, acid proof, alkaline proof, and anticorrosion workshop.

At present, pyrometallurgy processing is a potentially attractive method of oxidizing molybdenum concentrate that is widely used in China. It includes the oxidizing roasting process, alkali fusing method [23], and lime-roasting process [24,25]. The oxidizing roasting process has greater advantages because it can effectively separate the oxidized products of MoO₃ and Re₂O₇. In the oxidation process, MoS₂ and ReS₂ in the molybdenum concentrate are oxidized to MoO₃ and Re₂O₇, respectively, and large amounts of SO₂ are released. Re₂O₇ is a volatile compound with a melting point of only 297 °C and vapor pressure that increases rapidly with increasing temperature (0.045 kPa at  200 °C, 22.74 kPa at 300 °C, 1795.84 kPa at 400 °C, and 1.58×10⁶ kPa at 650 °C) [26]. Meanwhile, a very small amount of MoO₃ will volatilize and lead to molybdenum loss at high temperature [27], because its vapor pressure is much lower than that of Re₂O₇ (0.0067 kPa at 650 °C, 0.028 kPa at 670 °C, 0.059 kPa at 700 °C) [26]. However, it must be noted that another rhenium oxide with low valance, ReO₃, is nonvolatile as its vapor pressure is extremely low (only 0.013 kPa at 400 °C) [26]. Thus, sufficient oxidation of MoS₂ and ReS₂ is very necessary. In the separation process, MoO₃ can remain steady in calcine while Re₂O₇ evaporates into the flue gas and is enriched in the fume [28]. Moreover, the reaction temperature can be reached by the self-oxidation of molybdenum concentrate, with a massive amount of heat released. Additionally, the method of oxidizing roasting has merits such as being a simple process that requires only basic facilities and has a low cost. These advantages make it a more appropriate method for rhenium-bearing molybdenum concentrate.

Current studies on the oxidation mechanism of MoS₂-ReS₂ mainly focus on standard-molybdenum concentrate (Mo content >45%). There have been few reports on the oxidation of low-grade molybdenum- rhenium sulfide concentrate as it is considerably more complex than that of standard-molybdenum concentrate due to, for example, the multiple components and impurities and the low-grade of molybdenum. Thus, the phase evolution and roasting characteristics of low-grade concentrate during the oxidizing process were analyzed in this study. The reaction behaviors of molybdenum, rhenium, and sulfur were also revealed, which could provide the basis for effective molybdenum and rhenium extraction.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

The low-grade rhenium-bearing molybdenum concentrate was collected from separation in a copper mine. The chemical components of the material are shown in Table 1. The molybdenum content is 39.27%, which is lower than the grade of standard-molybdenum concentrate (Mo content above 45%). The content of valuable and usable rhenium is 0.034% (340 g/t). The gangue in the molybdenum concentrate mainly consists of SiO₂, CaO, and MgO, which accounts for 9.77%, 5.23%, and 4.29%, respectively. Moreover, some sulfides such as CuS₂ and FeS₂ exist in the molybdenum concentrate. The proportion of molybdenum concentrate particles less than 0.074 mm is 65.44%.

The mineral composition of molybdenum concentrate is given in Table 2. The majority of the molybdenum concentrate is molybdenite; approximately 65.4%. Moreover, the sulfides in the concentrate include copper pyrites, bornite, iron pyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite. The iron-bearing minerals mainly consist of limonite and hematite. Other gangue minerals are composed of aluminosilicate, magnesium silicate, quartz, and carbonate.

Table 1 Chemical composition of molybdenum concentrate (wt.%)

Table 2 Mineral compositions of molybdenum concentrate

2.2 Methods

The equipment schematically shown in Fig. 1 was used to simulate the oxidation process of multiple hearth furnace using a powdery rhenium-bearing, low-grade molybdenum concentrate. During the process, 20 g of dried molybdenum concentrate was put into an open corundum crucible measuring 100 mm × 50 mm × 15 mm and evenly spread onto the crucible. The crucible loaded with molybdenum concentrate was then moved into a muffle furnace and roasted at a setting temperature (400-700 °C) for a certain period (5-90 min) in air. Eventually, the roasted products were removed and ground to -0.074 mm for subsequent analyses.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of oxidizing roasting devices

The concentration of molybdenum was determined via the lead molybdate weight method, and sulfur was titrated with barium chloride. Rhenium was determined via inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) with a PS-6 PLASMA SPECTROVAC, BAIRD (USA). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer with Cu K_α radiation at 35 kV and 20 mA. TG/DSC curves were obtained on a TG-DSC thermo gravimetric analyzer (Netzsch STA 449 C) in the temperature range of 20-1000 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min under air atmosphere. Additionally, all the reagents used in this work, including potassium oxide (K₂O), sodium oxide (Na₂O), calcium oxide (CaO), and magnesia (MgO), were of analytical grade.

The key aim of oxidizing roasting is to generate as much MoO₃ and Re₂O₇ as possible because MoO₃ in calcine can dissolve easily in the ammonia and be recycled by ammonia leaching. Meanwhile, Re₂O₇ is easy to volatilize, which results in separation from the molybdenum, and can become enriched and recycled from flue gas as well as smoke dust. The entire flow diagram of oxidation roasting-acid leaching is shown in Fig. 2.

The efficiency of the oxidizing roasting process can be evaluated by the following indexes: the rate of soluble molybdenum in the calcine (the rate of molybdenum dissolved in ammonia to total molybdenum) and the volatilization rate of molybdenum, rhenium, and sulfur. Formulas (1)-(3) show the calculation of the volatilization rate. To achieve desirable indexes, the soluble molybdenum content, as well as the volatilization rate of rhenium and sulfur, should be kept at a high level, whereas the volatilization rate of molybdenum should be low.

Volatilization rate of molybdenum:

                      (1)

Volatilization rate of sulfur:

                        (2)

Volatilization rate of rhenium:

                       (3)

where ν, μ, and τ stand for the molybdenum, sulfur, and rhenium contents in the calcine, respectively (%); π, θ, and σ stand for the molybdenum, sulfur, and rhenium contents in the molybdenum concentrate, respectively (%); and m₀ and m₁ stand for the mass of molybdenum concentrate and calcine, respectively (%).

Fig. 2 Flow diagram of oxidation roasting leaching

The rate of soluble molybdenum was detected as follows: 5 g of ground calcine was dissolved in a 100 mL beaker with a liquid/solid ratio of 10:1 and a mass concentration of ammonia of 10%. Calcine was blended with excessive ammonium hydroxide to ensure adequate dissolution. Then, the sealed beaker was placed in a constant temperature oven at 70 °C for 2 h of leaching. Finally, samples were taken out to be filtrated and dried, and the molybdenum content in the leached residue was analyzed.

Rate of soluble molybdenum:

                      (4)

where α and β stand for the molybdenum contents in the calcine and in the ammonia leached residue, respectively (%), and m₁ and m₂ stand for the mass of calcine and ammonia leaching residue, respectively (%).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Oxidation behaviors of MoS₂

3.1.1 XRD and TG-DSC characterization

The phases of roasted products at different roasting temperatures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results are given in Fig. 3. MoS₂ was not oxidized at 400 °C as molybdenum oxide was not found in the roasted product. When the temperature rose to 450-500 °C, the diffraction peaks of MoS₂ decreased gradually while some diffraction peaks of MoO₃ started to appear. When the temperature increased to above 600 °C, the diffraction peaks of MoS₂ disappeared, and the diffraction peaks of MoO₃ became enhanced. Moreover, diffraction peaks of CaMoO₄ and MgMoO₄ were observed. According to the analyses, the molybdenum phases with sufficient oxidation time were mainly MoO₃, MgMoO₄, and CaMoO₄. These two types of molybdate are considered an obstacle to the leaching of molybdenum because they are difficult to dissolve in the ammonium hydroxide while some types of molybdates easily dissolve in ammonium hydroxide (such as K₂MoO₄ and Na₂MoO₄ [18]).

Fig. 3 XRD patterns of products roasted at different temperatures for 90 min

The phases of the roasted products at different roasting time were tested by XRD (Fig. 4). There were several types of Mo-bearing minerals in the roasted product: MoS₂, MoO₂, and MoO₃. The existence of un-oxidized or uncompleted oxidized minerals such as MoS₂ and MoO₂ was the dominant factor leading to low soluble molybdenum content for short roasting time of  5 min. When the roasting time was extended to 10 min, the diffraction peaks of MoS₂ decreased substantially, while the diffraction peaks of MoO₃ and MoO₂ became somewhat stronger. As the roasting time exceeded 25 min, the diffraction peaks of MoS₂ and MoO₂ disappeared, while the diffraction peaks of MoO₃ became stronger. At the same time, diffraction peaks of MgMoO₄ and CaMoO₄ were observed. These results indicate that metallic oxide could not react with MoO₃ until MoS₂ was completely oxidized, and the products were a large number of molybdates, which could not be dissolved by ammonium hydroxide.

Fig. 4 XRD patterns of roasted products for different time at 650 °C

The oxidation process of MoS₂ was analyzed by thermal gravity analysis in air under a heating rate of 10 °C/min. From the TG-DSC curves (Fig. 5), it was observed that the entire process involved the evaporation of moisture and the volatilization of volatile-like flotation reagents in the molybdenum concentrate below 400 °C. When the temperature increased to 400-625 °C, two exothermic peaks appeared at approximately 548 °C and 619 °C. Correspondingly, the sample continuously lost mass below 625 °C. All these phenomena represented the rapid generation of MoO₂ and MoO₃. The main reaction from 625-650 °C was the oxidation of remnant MoO₂. Thus, the transformation process of molybdenite was MoS₂→MoO₂→MoO₃, which corresponds to the results shown in Fig. 4. The time interval for the existence of MoO₂ was relatively short. When the temperature was over 650 °C, MoO₃ started to sublime. According to the TGA results, the mass loss indicates that the sublimation of MoO₃ was the major process after the oxidation of remnant MoO₂ as the temperature increased above 650 °C.

Fig. 5 TG-DCS curves of molybdenum concentrate in air

3.1.2 Oxidation process of MoS₂

During the oxidation of low-grade molybdenum concentrate, metallic sulfide ores were oxidized to metallic oxides and SO₂. Possible reactions are as follows:

MoS₂+3.5O₂(g)=MoO₃+2SO₂(g)                (5)

MeS+1.5O₂=MeO+SO₂(g) (Me: Fe,Mg,Ca,Cu)     (6)

Figure 6 shows the influences of temperature on the oxidation of molybdenum concentrate. Molybdenum could not be oxidized and the rate of soluble molybdenum was below 5% at 400 °C while a portion of SO₂ volatilized. Analyzing the reactions in thermodynamics [29] showed that the trend of oxidation of FeS₂ is large under normal pressure. Thus, the reason could be that the oxidation process of FeS₂ is much easier than that of MoS₂. This view is also confirmed in Fig. 3 as the diffraction peaks of Fe₂O₃ started to appear at 400 °C. Under the trial conditions, the ores contacted fully with the oxygen and the oxidation desulfurization reactions occurred easily. Corresponding to this, the diffraction peaks of sulfate could not be observed (see Figs. 3 and 4), and the sulfur in metallic sulfide mainly volatilized in the forms of SO₂. At a temperature from 450 to 500 °C, the oxidation of molybdenum sulfide was reinforced and the volatilization of SO₂ increased. The rate of soluble molybdenum increased from 43.14% to 69.09% as the volatilization rate of sulfur increased from 47.60% to 75.57%. The velocity of the oxidizing reaction, especially the oxidation of molybdenum sulfide, increased significantly over 550 °C. Consequently, the rate of soluble molybdenum and the volatilization of sulfur were both above 80%. However, both indexes increased slowly as the temperature increased from   600 to 700 °C. According to the analysis, when the temperature was relatively low at 450-550 °C, MoS₂ began to be oxidized and the gas diffused slowly. When the temperature increased to 600-700 °C, MoS₂ was almost completely oxidized. The soluble molybdenum approached a peak and the volatilization rate of sulfur was close to 99% at 650 °C. The analyzing results of the reactions in thermodynamics [29] showed that the generated MoO₃ could react with some oxides of metallic impurities, forming molybdate and leading to melting and sintering of materials. The main reactions were spontaneous thermodynamics reactions and could be expressed as follows:

MgO+MoO₃=MgMoO₄(=-54.58-0.02T)      (7)

CaO+MoO₃=CaMoO₄(=-163.00-0.01T)      (8)

This is why the oxidizing process of molybdenum sulfide was restricted at a temperature of 700 °C or above. The occurrence of the molybdate phase confirms this view (Fig. 3). MoO₃ on the surface became drastically volatilized.

Fig. 6 Effect of roasting temperature on oxidation of molybdenum

The effects of roasting time on the oxidization of molybdenum concentrate are shown in Fig. 7. The molybdenum concentrate was oxidized quickly at 650 °C. When the roasting lasted for 5 min, the rate of soluble molybdenum reached 25.70% and the volatilization rate of sulfur was 40.98%. As the roasting continued, sulfur became greatly oxidized and its volatilization rate reached 96%. The rate of soluble molybdenum was only 73.76% and the increase was lower than that of sulfur volatilization. In the first 15 min, sulfide minerals were oxidized, and the MoO₃ product had a disproportionation reaction with MoS₂, forming a low valence state of molybdenum such as MoO₂, which led to a low content of soluble molybdenum in the early roasted product. After 20 min of roasting, the rate of soluble molybdenum

Fig. 7 Effect of roasting time on oxidation of molybdenum at 650 °C

changed slightly, which reflected the oxidation of low valence state molybdenum, and the volatilization rate of sulfur increased slightly. As the roasting proceeded, the retention rate of molybdenum decreased due to volatilization of MoO₃. When the roasting time exceeded 25 min, the volatilization rate of sulfur increased to 99.70% and the volatilization rate of molybdenum continued to increase, whereas the rate of soluble molybdenum was approximately 80%.

3.2 Oxidation behavior of ReS₂

3.2.1 Oxidation process of ReS₂

The oxidizing roasting process of rhenium-bearing molybdenum concentrate is a complicated physic- chemical process. Based on the calculation of thermodynamic data [29], the relationships between  and T in the reactions were analyzed, and the results are shown in Fig. 8. The main reactions of rhenium include ReS₂ oxidation, the disproportionation reaction of Mo-Re-S, and the formation of rhenate. Under the standard state, ReS₂ can be directly oxidized into Re₂O₇ (formula (9)). At the beginning of oxidation, ReS₂ can be easily oxidized. However, Re₂O₇ is also easily deoxidized by MoS₂ that has not been oxidized, forming low valence states of the rhenium oxides like ReO₂ and ReO₃ (formulas (14) and (15)). Re₂O₇ can also be deoxidized into ReO₃ by SO₂ but not ReO₂. According to the thermodynamic analysis, ReS₂ was oxidized along with the molybdenite, and the products were ReO_2, ReO₃ and Re₂O₇. In the later stage of oxidation, ReO₂ and ReO₃ were oxidized into Re₂O₇, which became volatilized, MoS₂ became completely oxidized, and the concentration of SO₂ decreased.

Fig. 8 Relationship between  and T for rhenium-bearing mineral oxidation reactions

3.2.2 Volatilization of rhenium

The influence of roasting temperature and roasting time on the volatilization of rhenium was also studied (Fig. 9). The volatilization rate of rhenium was very low at 400 °C when ReS₂ began to be oxidized. After heating to 450-500 °C, the volatilization rate of rhenium increased but was still below 40%. As the temperature increased to 600-650 °C, rhenium was significantly oxidized and the volatilization rate approached 70%. However, the volatilization rate did not markedly change when the temperature continued to increase. Research on the volatilization of rhenium for different roasting time at 650 °C showed that the volatilization rate of rhenium increased as roasting time proceeded in the early oxidation phase (0-20 min). The volatilization rate rapidly reached 44.38% as the oxidation time increased to 20 min and increased more slowly when the time continued to increase from 20 to 90 min. As the roasting time exceeded 90 min, rhenium could no longer oxidize; the volatilization rate was almost 70% for a roasting time of 90 min.

Fig. 9 Effects of roasting temperature on volatilization rate of rhenium with roasting for 90 min (a) and roasting time on volatilization rate at 650 °C (b)

Into the pure substance of MoS₂, 0.034% of analytically pure ReS₂ was added to simulate the Re-bearing molybdenum concentrate. The effects of adding 1% alkali oxides or alkaline earth oxides on the volatilization of rhenium were tested at 650 °C for 90 min, and the results are shown in Fig. 10. Without the addition of alkali oxides or alkaline earth oxides, the volatilization rate of rhenium was close to 100% during the roasting process, which indicates that almost all the rhenium sulfide can be oxidized to volatile material of Re₂O₇. However, because alkali oxides or alkaline earth oxides exist in sulfide ore, the volatilization of rhenium was very low due to the generation of non-volatile rhenate. K₂O had the greatest effect on the volatilization of rhenium of all the tested metal oxides, followed by Na₂O, CaO, and MgO. It was verified that metal oxides in molybdenum concentrate inhibit the volatilization of rhenium.

Fig. 10 Effect of metal oxides on rhenium volatilization rate tested at 650 °C

3.3 Discussion of MoS₂ and ReS₂ oxidation

The relationships among the oxidation of molybdenum, the volatilization of rhenium, and the volatilization of sulfur are shown in Fig. 11. The oxidation of rhenium always lagged behind that of molybdenum and sulfur. The process of rhenium oxidation can be divided into two stages. From 0–20 min, both MoS₂ and ReS₂ are oxidized simultaneously. But only a high valence state of rhenium, such as Re₂O₇, can easily volatilize, which reduced the speed of rhenium volatilization compared to that of MoS₂ oxidation. As the roasting time exceeded 20 min, MoS₂ became completely oxidized and the removal rate of sulfur approached 100%. Rhenium continued to oxidize at a relatively low speed between 20 and 90 min. Therefore, the volatilization of rhenium requires its thorough oxidization after complete MoS₂ oxidation and SO₂ removal, which explains why the volatilization of rhenium lagged behind the oxidation of molybdenum. Due to the influence of impurities, such as Na, K, Ca, and other alkaline-earth metals in the reaction system, a mass of rhenate formed; the volatilization rate of  rhenate only reached 70%. Note that the chemical formulas of the rhenate were M^ⅠReO₄ or M^Ⅱ(ReO₄)₂ because M^Ⅰ and M^Ⅱ were monovalent and divalent cations, respectively.

Fig. 11 Effect of roasting time on roasting process of molybdenum concentrate

As stated above, in contrast to standard molybdenum concentrate, more complex physico- chemical reactions occur during the roasting process of low-grade molybdenum-rhenium sulfide concentrate, such as the disproportionation reaction between oxidation products and sulfide, and the formation of molybdate and rhenate. These reactions inhibited the oxidation and separation of molybdenum and rhenium. In the roasting process, ReS₂ was oxidized along with the molybdenite. The whole oxidation process is shown in Fig. 12.

Fig. 12 Roasting process of Mo-Re-S system in molybdenum concentrate

Step 1: In the early stage of oxidation, MoS₂ was oxidized to MoO₂, and ReS₂ was simultaneously oxidized to Re₂O₇.

Step 2: Re₂O₇ was deoxidized into low valence states of rhenium oxides such as ReO₂ and ReO₃ by MoS₂ and SO₂ because of the disproportionation reaction between oxidation products and sulfide. At the same  time, MoO₂ was continuously oxidized to MoO₃ with increasing roasting temperature or roasting time.

Step 3: The oxidation of rhenium lagged behind that of molybdenum and sulfur. In the late stage of oxidation, MoS₂ was completely oxidized and rhenium was continuously volatilized during the formation of Re₂O₇. Finally, due to the influence of impurities, MoO₃ and Re₂O₇ reacted with the metallic oxide, forming a large amount of molybdate and rhenate, and the oxidation process was restricted. Thus, the maximum rate of soluble molybdenum was approximately 80% and the final volatilization rate of rhenium was below 70%. Further research should focus on the inhibition or extraction of molybdate and rhenate.

4 Conclusions

(1) MoS₂ began to be oxidized at 450 °C and achieved complete oxidation over 600 °C. MoO₃ started to volatilize when the temperature exceeded 650 °C and violently volatilized at 700 °C. The oxidative products of MoS₂ were mainly MoO₂, MoO₃, and molybdate. The maximum rate of soluble molybdenum was approximately 80% due to insoluble molybdate caused by the high impurity content in molybdenum concentrate.

(2) With increasing roasting temperature and roasting time, the volatilization rate of rhenium increased but still lagged behind the oxidation efficiency of molybdenum. When molybdenum was completely oxidized, the volatilization rate of rhenium improved significantly. The formation of rhenate and the difficulty in oxidizing the encapsulated low valence state of rhenium resulted in a final volatilization rate below 70%.

(3) The oxidizing roasting process of rhenium- bearing molybdenum concentrate involved oxidization of the low valence states of molybdenum and rhenium, disproportionation of the Mo-Re-S system, and the formation of molybdate and rhenate. The main products of rhenium sulfide were ReO₂, ReO₃, and Re₂O₇. Re₂O₇ can react with MoS₂ and SO₂ spontaneously, and rhenium can volatilize adequately after the thorough oxidation of MoS₂ and the complete release of SO₂.

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粉状含铼低品位钼精矿焙烧过程中ReS₂和MoS₂的氧化行为

范晓慧，邓 琼，甘 敏，陈许玲

中南大学 资源加工与生物工程学院，长沙 410083

摘  要：钼精矿氧化焙烧工艺在工业应用中具有显著的优势。然而，低品位钼精矿因其比标准钼精矿复杂得多而在应用过程中存在许多问题。通过热力学计算、焙烧实验、热重分析和物相分析等，研究粉状含铼低品位钼精矿的氧化行为。结果表明，MoS₂从450 °C氧化，当温度达到600 °C时，MoO₃与金属氧化物反应并形成钼酸盐。最终，由于不可溶的钼酸盐生成，约80%的MoO₃溶解氨水中。由于Re₂O₇、MoS₂和SO₂之间互相反应生成低价铼氧化物ReO₂和ReO₃，铼的挥发速度远落后于钼的氧化速度。当MoS₂氧化完全后，铼的挥发加强，最终铼挥发率接近70%。查明了低品位钼精矿在焙烧过程中钼、铼氧化效率低的主要原因，为后续强化钼、铼的提取奠定了基础。

关键词：低品位钼精矿；铼；氧化焙烧；热力学；物相演变

(Edited by Xiang-qun LI)

Foundation item: Projects (U1760107, U1660206) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (2013zzts064) supported by the Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate of Central South University, China

Corresponding author: Min GAN; Tel: +86-13467517674; E-mail: ganminhao@126.com

DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(19)64994-0